Having stepped out of the notion of a card game, the first thing that had come to my mind with regards to the Labyrinth card game, was something close to the Labyrinth board game (hence the name), by Ravensburger. Source. As well as Hand of Fate (Source.) a roleplaying game spoken through the medium of cards that imposed various challenges on the players. The game featured 18 cards that were set up similarly to a maze or a path, with each card a particular challenge or power that had to be succeeded by the players to advance.
